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Studies have established some common conditions that impair this judgment, including:

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Poor eyesight and/or physical impairment, with many jurisdictions setting simple sight tests and/or requiring appropriate vehicle modifications before being allowed to drive old age, with some jurisdictions requiring driver retesting for reaction speed and eyesight after a certain age tiredness excessive alcohol, with simple blood-alcohol limits enforced through drink-driving laws (although some level of impairment may occur below the legal limit) drug use - including some prescription drugs, over the counter drugs (notably antihistamines, opioids and muscarinic antagonists), and illegal drugs.

Research suggests that the driver's attention is affected by distracting sounds, such as conversations and operating a mobile phone. Some legislation restricts or outlaws the use of types of phone within the car. Recent research conducted by British scientists suggests that music can also have an effect; classic music is considered to be calming, yet too much could calm the driver to a condition of distraction. On the other hand, hard-rock may encourage the driver to step on the acceleration pedal, thus creating a potentially dangerous situation on the road.